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The concept of citizen journalism (also known as "public", "participatory", "democratic",〔Baase, S. "A Gift of Fire". Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, 2008.〕 "guerrilla"〔Case, J. A. "(Recovering the Radical: Biocybernetic Subversion in Guerrilla Video Primer )." ''Paper presented at the NCA 93rd Annual Convention, Chicago, IL, November 14, 2007.''〕 or "street" journalism) is based upon public citizens "playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing, and disseminating news and information."〔Bowman, S. and Willis, C. "(We Media: How Audiences are Shaping the Future of News and Information. )" 2003, ''The Media Center at the American Press Institute''.〕 Similarly, Courtney C. Radsch defines citizen journalism "as an alternative and activist form of newsgathering and reporting that functions outside mainstream media institutions, often as a response to shortcomings in the professional journalistic field, that uses similar journalistic practices but is driven by different objectives and ideals and relies on alternative sources of legitimacy than traditional or mainstream journalism."〔Radsch, Courtney C. The Revolutions will be Blogged: Cyberactivism and the 4th Estate in Egypt. Doctoral Dissertation, American University, 2013.〕 Jay Rosen proposes a simpler definition: "When the people formerly known as the audience employ the press tools they have in their possession to inform one another." Citizen journalism should not be confused with community journalism or civic journalism, both of which are practiced by professional journalists. Collaborative journalism is also a separate concept and is the practice of professional and non-professional journalists working together. Similarly, Social Journalism is a separate concept denoting a digital publication with a hybrid of professional and non-professional journalism. Citizen journalism is a specific form of both citizen media and user generated content. By juxtaposing the term “citizen,” with its attendant qualities of civic mindedness and social responsibility, with that of “journalism,” which refers to a particular profession, Courtney C. Radsch argues that this term best describes this particular form of ''online'' and ''digital'' journalism conducted by amateurs, because it underscores the link between the practice of journalism and its relation to the political and public sphere.〔Deutsch Karlekar, Karin and Radsch, Courtney C., Adapting Concepts of Media Freedom to a Changing Media Environment: Incorporating New Media and Citizen Journalism into the Freedom of the Press Index (July 1, 2012). ''ESSACHESS Journal for Communication Studies'', Vol. 5, No. 1, 2012. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2161601〕 New media technology, such as social networking and media-sharing websites, in addition to the increasing prevalence of cellular telephones, have made citizen journalism more accessible to people worldwide. Due to the availability of technology, citizens often can report breaking news more quickly than traditional media reporters. Notable examples of citizen journalism reporting from major world events are, the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the Arab Spring, the Occupy Wall Street movement, the 2013 protests in Turkey, the Euromaidan events in Ukraine, and Syrian Civil War and the 2014 Ferguson unrest. Critics of the phenomenon, including professional journalists, claim that citizen journalism is unregulated, too subjective, amateur, and haphazard in quality and coverage. ==Theory== Citizen journalism, as a form of alternative media, presents a “radical challenge to the professionalized and institutionalized practices of the mainstream media”.〔Atton, Chris. 2003. What is "alternative journalism"? Journalism: Theory, Practice and Criticism 4, no. 3: 267-400.〕 According to Terry Flew, there have been three elements critical to the rise of citizen journalism: open publishing, collaborative editing, and distributed content.〔Flew, Terry. 2005. ''New media: An introduction''. South Melbourne, Vic. ; New York: Oxford University Press.〕 Mark Glaser, a freelance journalist who frequently writes on new media issues, said in 2006: The idea behind citizen journalism is that people without professional journalism training can use the tools of modern technology and the global distribution of the Internet to create, augment or fact-check media on their own or in collaboration with others. For example, you might write about a city council meeting on your blog or in an online forum. Or you could fact-check a newspaper article from the mainstream media and point out factual errors or bias on your blog. Or you might snap a digital photo of a newsworthy event happening in your town and post it online. Or you might videotape a similar event and post it on a site such as YouTube.The accessibility of online media has also enhanced the interest for journalism among youth and many websites, like ('Far and Wide' ) a publication focusing on travel and international culture,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=About — Far and Wide )〕 as well as (WorldWeekly ) a news blog covering a range of topics from world politics to science,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=About )〕 are founded and run by students. In ''What is Participatory Journalism?'',〔Lasica, J. D. "(What is Participatory Journalism? )" 2003-08-07, ''Online Journalism Review'', August 7, 2003.〕 J. D. Lasica classifies media for citizen journalism into the following types: # Audience participation (such as user comments attached to news stories, personal blogs, photographs or video footage captured from personal mobile cameras, or local news written by residents of a community) # Independent news and information Websites (Consumer Reports, the Drudge Report) # Full-fledged participatory news sites (one:convo, NowPublic, OhmyNews, DigitalJournal.com, GroundReport, ('Fair Observer' ) # Collaborative and contributory media sites (Slashdot, Kuro5hin, Newsvine) # Other kinds of "thin media" (mailing lists, email newsletters) # Personal broadcasting sites (video broadcast sites such as KenRadio) The literature of citizen, alternative, and participatory journalism is most often situated in a democratic context and theorized as a response to corporate news media dominated by an economic logic. Some scholars have sought to extend the study of citizen journalism beyond the Western, developed world, including Sylvia Moretzsohn,〔Moretzsohn, S. 2006. " Citizen journalism" and the myth of redemptive technology. Brazilian Journalism Research 2, no. 2.〕 Courtney C. Radsch,〔Radsch, C. (2011). Arab bloggers as citizen journalists (Transnational). In J. Downing (Ed.), ''Encyclopedia of social movement media''. (pp. 62-65). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781412979313.n31〕 and Clemencia Rodríguez.〔Rodríguez, Clemencia. 2001. Fissures in the mediascape : An international study of citizens' media. The Hampton Press Communication Series. Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press.〕 Radsch, for example, wrote that "Throughout the Arab world, citizen journalists have emerged as the vanguard of new social movements dedicated to promoting human rights and democratic values."〔Radsch, C. (2011). Arab bloggers as citizen journalists (Transnational). In J. Downing (Ed.), ''Encyclopedia of social movement media''. (pp. 62-65). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. P. 61〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「citizen journalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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